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ANTI
TOBACCO
Fetal exposure to drugs, alcohol or tobacco may change brain structure of kids (Yahoo News -
8/04/2008)
A new study has found that babies born to women who use cocaine, alcohol or tobacco during
pregnancy may have brain structure changes that continue into early adolescence.
Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans, researchers at the Children's Hospital
Boston and the Boston Medical Center studied brain structure of 35 young adolescents
prenatally exposed to cocaine, marijuana, alcohol or tobacco. The children aged 12 years at the time of imaging, were part of a historic cohort of children
assembled by Deborah Frank, MD at Boston Medical Centre and followed them since birth.
"We found that reductions in cortical gray matter and total brain volumes were associated
with prenatal exposure to cocaine, alcohol or cigarettes," said Dr Michael Rivkin, neurologist at
Children's Hospital Boston.
"Importantly, although volume reductions were associated with each of these three prenatal
exposures, they were not associated with any one of these substances alone after controlling
for other exposures," he added. While analysing the MRI images, the researchers noticed that the effects were additive, the
more substances a child was exposed to in utero, the greater the reduction in brain volume.
Previous studies have also shown brain effects of prenatal alcohol exposure.
Researchers initially set out to study cocaine exposure, but they were struck by the finding of
brain effects of prenatal tobacco exposure. "Approximately 20 percent of women who smoke continue to smoke during pregnancy," said
Rivkin. "From the vantage point of preventive health care, it is important to determine the
consequences on brain structure of prenatal exposure to cigarettes, alone and in combination
with other substances," he added. The study was funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
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Research Snuffs Out Notion That Smokeless Tobacco Is Lesser Of Two Evils-
(ScienceDaily- 19/1/2008)
Millions of Americans make the New Year’s resolution to stop smoking, but far too many break ranks before Jan. 2. Their dismal success rate has health officials scrambling to come up with easier ways to quit, and many have toyed with the idea that smokeless tobacco could ease the transition off cigarettes. But research by University of Florida scientists suggests that tactic would be a catch-22, especially in younger smokers.
More than 40 million Americans smoke, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and about 70 percent of them are trying to kick the habit. The CDC estimates that the long-term health problems associated with smoking — particularly lung cancer, chronic lung disease and heart disease — result in 438,000 deaths every year. Public health officials are unanimous in the belief that something must be done. But what?
“There have been a number of papers saying that the health community should tell the public that smokeless tobacco is ‘safer’ than smoking — but not ‘safe’ per se,” said Dr. Scott Tomar, department chairman and a professor of community dentistry and behavioral science at UF’s College of Dentistry.
That theory, called “tobacco harm reduction,” aims to wean smokers off cigarettes by advising them to switch to smokeless products, such as snuff and chewing tobacco. Tomar’s research suggests that few smokers seem interested in making this switch and he worries that promoting smokeless tobacco could encourage nonsmokers to pick up a dangerous and addictive habit.
“I don’t think there’s any doubt among members of the scientific community that smokeless tobacco carries a lower risk of death than does cigarette smoking,” Tomar said. “On the other hand, that alone doesn’t necessarily make it an appropriate recommendation coming from the health community.”
Smokeless tobacco products contain almost 30 ingredients known to cause cancer. A recent study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer linked smokeless tobacco to cancers of the mouth and pancreas, as well as oral problems such as recessed gums and bone loss.
Nonetheless, supporters of the tactic insist that smokers might show a greater interest in switching to smokeless tobacco if they were made aware of the reduced health risks.
“There have been claims by proponents of smokeless tobacco that the public can’t separate the risks of smoking from the risks of other types of tobacco use,” Tomar said.
Younger smokers are especially worrisome. Experts warn that lighting up at a young age can set the stage for a lifetime of dependence. More than 80 percent of older smokers lit up for the first time before they turned 18, according to the CDC. And every day, about 3,900 youth are doing just that.
To find out if younger smokers could differentiate between health risks associated with various tobacco products, Tomar analyzed data from more than 11,000 high school seniors over a five-year period. The data were collected through the Monitoring the Future project conducted by the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research.
Tomar’s study, which was published in the November issue of Nicotine & Tobacco Research, revealed that high school seniors who smoke greatly underestimate the risks associated with their tobacco use. Fewer than half of those interviewed perceived a great risk of harm from cigarettes. In contrast, more than 80 percent of nonsmokers regarded smoking as hazardous to their health.
“Very few smokers in 12th grade perceive that what they’re doing is harmful,” Tomar said. “That’s really what makes this whole idea so challenging. Advocates are saying you should tell these young smokers, ‘We’re not saying smokeless tobacco is safe, but it’s safer than cigarettes.’ But you’re telling that to a population who already tremendously underestimates their own risk.”
But would the advice work?
“We’ve seen almost no smokers moving toward smokeless tobacco. If anything, it tends to be in the other direction,” Tomar said. “We’ve done previous studies of 17-year-olds who were only using smokeless tobacco. Four years later, 40 percent of them had either added cigarettes to the use of smokeless tobacco or completely switched to smoking. We saw almost no movement in the other direction.”
Many experts agree that the marketing strategy could do more harm than good.
“There is concern that a major advertising campaign of smokeless tobacco as less harmful than cigarettes may threaten the major reduction in adolescent initiation that we have seen in recent years,” said John Pierce, the Sam M. Walton professor for cancer research at the University of California at San Diego Cancer Center. “There is plenty of evidence that advertising influences younger people.”
Tomar’s findings suggest that advertising money might be better spent on educating younger smokers about the hazards of tobacco use.
“People will only take steps to change if they perceive that their current behavior is harmful,” Tomar said. “With young people, what they’re reporting is that they don’t think they’re at risk for harm. Why would they want to switch to something that’s less harmful?”
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New CDC Global Survey Finds Tobacco Taking Massive Toll on World's Children-
(PRNewswire-USNewswire- 24/1/2008)
The following statement was issued today by Matthew L. Myers, President, Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids:
A new global survey released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) finds troubling rates of tobacco use, and even higher rates of exposure to secondhand smoke, among children around the world. According to the CDC, several findings of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey indicate that the global death toll from tobacco use, already the world's leading preventable cause of death, may be increasing even faster than thought. These include higher rates of smoking among girls than have been previously found, high levels of exposure to secondhand smoke, and a high level of exposure to tobacco marketing. The survey was published in the January 25 edition of the CDC journal Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
Tobacco use already claims about five million lives a year worldwide. That number has been projected to double by 2020, with more than 70 percent of these deaths in developing nations. However, stunningly, the data in the new study suggest that the estimate of a doubling of deaths from smoking could well underestimate the actual future death toll. Altogether, tobacco use is projected to kill one billion people worldwide this century unless urgent action is action.
The new survey underscores the need for nations to take immediate and aggressive action to reduce tobacco use by implementing the measures called for by the World Health Organization international tobacco control treaty, the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The treaty calls on ratifying nations, which now number 152, to implement scientifically proven measures to reduce tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke, including higher tobacco taxes; laws requiring that all workplaces and public places be smoke-free; stronger, larger health warnings on tobacco products; bans on all tobacco advertising, promotions and sponsorships; and effective tobacco public education and cessation programs.
The CDC survey includes data collected during 2000-2007 from 140 countries, as well as several territories and regions (for countries that have conducted several surveys during this time period, only the most recent data were included). Key findings include:
-- Rates of tobacco use vary greatly in countries around the world, with
youth cigarette smoking rates topping 30 percent in several
countries. Worldwide, 9.5 percent of students surveyed currently
smoked cigarettes, and 10.1 percent used other tobacco products (such
as pipes, water pipes, smokeless tobacco and bidis).
-- Approximately half of the students surveyed reported that they were
exposed to secondhand smoke in public places during the week
preceding the survey. Secondhand smoke contains more than 4,000
chemicals, at least 69 of which are known to cause cancer. It is a
proven cause of lung cancer and heart disease in nonsmoking adults
and of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), low birth weight, acute
respiratory infections, ear infections and asthma attacks in infants
and children.
-- Approximately two in 10 students own an object with a cigarette brand
logo on it - a marketing tactic associated with increased tobacco use
known as indirect advertising.
-- One in 10 students have been offered free cigarettes by a tobacco
company representative.
-- Approximately seven in 10 students who smoked were not refused
purchase of cigarettes from a store during the month preceding the
survey.
The good news is that the tobacco epidemic is entirely preventable. We urge governments to act on the huge body of evidence like that found in the new CDC report and protect the public health and economic well-being of their citizens.
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Tobacco ads influence students to chew and puff: Study
-(DH News Service)
Despite the ban on tobacco advertisements, cleverly made surrogate spots from
tobacco companies are influencing school students to take up the deadly habit to
a large extent, says new research... Indian students can recall brands like Wills and Pan
Parag, which are the two
most popular cigarette and chewing tobacco brands. This happened because despite
legal prohibitions on tobacco advertisements, these brands continue to be advertised through surrogate means, says the new study published last week in the
online edition of the American Journal of Health Behaviour.
Two Central legislations – Cable Television Network (regulation) Act and
Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products (prohibition of advertisement and
regulation of trade and commerce, production, supply and distribution) Act –
prohibits almost all types of tobacco advertisements except small display boards
at the tobacco shops. Despite the ban tobacco promotion – by surrogate means like brand stretching –
plays an “important influence contributing to the increase in tobacco use and
change in tobacco use patterns among urban Indian adolescents,” says the research
conducted by the University of Texas, Austin, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences and a Delhi-based non governmental organisation, HRIDAY.
The research was conducted on 11,642 grade six and eight students in 32 schools
in Delhi and Chennai. As many as 665 students have been able to recall multiple
tobacco brands including Wills, Gold Flake and Red and White.
“The number is sizable and statistically significant. This is the first study
showing a clear association between surrogate advertisement and influence on
students,” HRIDAY director Monika Arora told Deccan Herald. Denying that the
number (665 students who responded positively) is too small to arrive at a
definitive conclusion, Ms Arora said, “The fact that there is a recall is our
concern. The trend is on the rise.” The new findings have come at a time when the Union Health ministry is
experiencing stiff political opposition in implementing mandatory publication of
gory pictures on cigarette and beedi packets – a decision approved by the Union
cabinet headed by Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh. The matter has been referred to a group of ministers headed by Pranab Mukherjee,
which had earlier turned down the Health ministry’s proposal.
While the politically powerful tobacco industry claims severe loss of livelihood
if the sale of cigarette and beedi drops due to these warning images, the Health
ministry’s counter is that tobacco kills eight lakh people every year every year
and the government spends 27,000 crore rupees annually to treat tobacco-related
diseases. The outcome of this study that throws light on the influence of tobacco
commercials on students remains to be seen. But what is clear is that steps need
to be taken in this regard, and more studies are needed too.
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Snuff Not a Safe Tobacco Option-
Quitting Smoking? Researchers Advise Against Switching to Smokeless Tobacco-
(WebMD Medical News- 21/12/2007)
Planning to quit
smoking? Smokeless tobacco isn't a safe alternative, says a University of Minnesota cancer expert.
"The results of our studies do not support the concept that smokers should switch
to smokeless tobacco," writes Stephen Hecht, PhD. "Long-term use of nicotine
replacement therapy may be a better option." Hecht has been studying smokeless tobacco -- mainly as oral moist snuff -- for
more than 20 years.He notes that smokeless tobacco -- which can cause oral and pancreatic cancer --
contains carcinogens called nitrosamines in levels similar to nitrosamines in
cigarettes.
Nitrosamine levels are about 1,000 times higher than in other consumer products,
and products touting "low nitrosamine" claims don't eliminate the risk, according
to Hecht. Smokeless tobacco products bear a warning label about health risks. But sales of
moist snuff have "continued to increase" in the U.S., notes Hecht. Hecht's report appears in Chemical Research in Toxicology.
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Tobacco and poverty drive cancer in developing world-
(Reuters- 20/12/2007)
Rising tobacco use and poverty will fuel cancer across the developing world, more than doubling the number of new cases to 27 million by
2050, experts predicted on Thursday. Cancer is already the No. 2 cause of death globally, after heart disease and
ahead of AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and other causes. And as people live longer
and adopt bad habits such as smoking, cancer cases will rise, said Dr. Nancy
Davidson of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.
"It accounts for 10 percent of deaths," said Davidson, who is president of the
American Society of Clinical Oncology. She cited this week's report by the International Agency for Research on Cancer
that 7.6 million people will die of cancer this year, 5 million of them in
developing countries. The statistics contradict a perception that cancer is a disease of rich nations.
Cancer deaths have fallen in the United States, dropping by more than 2 percent
between 2002 and 2004. "There will be 12 million new cancer cases diagnosed worldwide in 2007. By 2050,
this number will more than double to 27 million, even if the rates don't change,"
Dr. Lynn Ries of the U.S. National Cancer Institute said in a telephone briefing.
Of these, 5.4 million cases will be in economically developed countries and 6.7
million in developing countries, Ries said. Cancer is caused by a mix of factors, including genes, diet, lack of exercise
and, rarely, chemical exposure. But the No. 1 cause is smoking. And more people are using tobacco, said the National Cancer Institute's Deirdre
Lawrence.
"According to World Health Organization current estimates, the annual number of
tobacco-related deaths worldwide is projected to rise from 4.9 million in 2000 to
more than 10 million by 2020, unless effective interventions take hold," Lawrence
told the briefing. She said 70 percent of the deaths would be in the developing world.
In 1970, 3.26 million cigarettes were smoked globally. In 2000, it was 5.7
million. The problem is notably clear in China, said Dr. Tony Mok of the Chinese
University of Hong Kong. "China produced about 39 percent of the world's tobacco production," Mok told the
briefing. About 6 percent of this was exported, meaning the rest was consumed in
China. "In other words, we consume about 33 percent of world tobacco production," Mok
said. "We smoke a hell of a lot of tobacco."
Mok said 320 million people were smokers in China in 2004, a 4 percent increase
from 2003. "Cancer prevention has not been a top priority in our country," he said.
The same goes for India, said Dr. Ketayun Dinshaw, director of the Tata Memorial
Centre in Mumbai. He said there are no organized screening programs in India.
Nigeria tries but poverty intervenes, said Dr. Clement Adebamowo of the University of Ibadan.
"There is limited availability of even basic diagnostic oncology facilities,"
Adebamowo said. "Chemotherapy drugs are available but are very expensive and not
affordable to the majority of cancer patients."
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Lifestyle And Cancer Prevention: Making Choices That Change Cancer Risk-
(ScienceDaily- 9/12/ 2007)
How do the lifestyle choices we make affect our chances of developing cancer? Researchers presented some answers to questions regarding daily decisions in diet, exercise, smoking and other lifestyle factors at the American Association for Cancer Research's Sixth Annual International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research, held December 5 - 8.
According to their findings, while genetics and environment are major contributors to cancer risk, the simple decisions made each day often matter too. Whether you are picking up a pack of cigarettes, a bottle of suntan lotion, or your walking pace, studies show the power to influence cancer risk is in your hands.
Diet and physical activity in lung cancer risk prediction for current, former, and never smokers.
People who have quit smoking can further reduce their risk of developing lung cancer by adding lots of vegetables to their diet -- as measured by eating four or more servings of salads a week -- compared to people who quit but do not eat their veggies, report researchers at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. The investigators also found that physical activity like gardening reduces risk of developing the cancer in "former-smokers" by up to 45 percent, compared to former smokers who don't garden.
"We are trying to understand what components of lifestyle can reduce lung cancer risk in people who have quit smoking -- which has been a neglected field of study," said Michele Forman, Ph.D., a professor of epidemiology at the University of Texas. "Although this is a very preliminary analysis, it gives us some important clues about how everyone smokers and non-smokers alike -- might be able to reduce their risk of developing lung cancer."
The research team also found that current smokers have a two-fold higher risk of developing lung cancer if they eat three servings or less of salad a week, compared to current smokers who do eat four or more salads weekly. Reduction of risk through gardening was about the same (33 percent) as seen in former smokers, they found. The investigators are also exploring the role of diet and physical activity in lung cancer risk for never-smokers.
"If you are worried about lung cancer risk, this study shows that you may benefit from eating a healthy diet and being physically active," Forman said.
The data come from M. D. Anderson's case control study of lung cancer, involving more than 3,800 participants. Its unique design matches lung cancer patients at M. D. Anderson with participants who are treated at a Houston HMO and divides them by smoking status. So, for example, a person who has never smoked but who developed lung cancer would be matched with a never-smoker who is cancer-free, and the same pairing process is done for former and current smokers with and without lung cancer. All participants are non-Hispanic whites.
The model has already identified a variety of epidemiologic risk factors for lung cancer due to exposure to second-hand smoke and to dust, family history of cancer, history of respiratory disease in the patient and smoking history. With those variables, the discriminatory power of the model was modest.
This study added diet and physical activity to the list of potential factors, making it the first risk prediction model to address both of these variables at the same time, Forman says. To do that, investigators asked participants about eating salad "because salad is a marker for consumption of many vegetables," and polled participants about gardening activity "because we found that gardening is one of the few activities that people with lung cancer report doing," she said.
According to Forman, the researchers do not know yet whether those habits of eating well and exercising "are a marker for other lifestyle factors that might be even more important, such as lack of alcohol consumption. We have a lot of puzzles in the picture yet to analyze."
Gender differences in antioxidant activity, DNA damage, and vasculature in ultraviolet light exposed skin.
A novel study in mice suggests that men are more prone to developing cancer than women because of gender differences in antioxidant levels and the ability to repair DNA damage.
Researchers at Ohio State University found that when exposed to the same degree of damaging ultraviolet (UV) light, the skin of male mice suffered more genetic damage than that of female mice. As a consequence, the male mice developed more squamous cell skin cancers, and these tumors formed faster and grew more aggressively than those that developed in the skin of female mice.
These results may explain why men develop three times as many squamous cell skin cancers as women do, and may also offer a clue as to why men are more prone to cancer development in general, says Kathleen Tober, Ph.D., a research scientist in Ohio State's Department of Pathology.
"Men get more skin cancer than women and it has classically been thought that the reason for this is lifestyle -- men spend more time outside and are less likely to use sun protection," Tober said. "Our data suggests that while that may be a factor, an even more critical reason for this difference is that female skin may be better able to combat the damaging effects of UV exposure.
"Based on our data, it would be a reasonable hypothesis that one of the underlying mechanisms for this is that men might have less overall antioxidant levels and diminished DNA repair capacity," she said.
Approximately half of the 2 million-plus cancer cases diagnosed in the U.S. are non-melanoma skin cancers. Squamous cell carcinoma, with 250,000 new cases annually, is the second most common cancer in the country. While it is not always a fatal cancer, it does account for about 2,000 cancer deaths a year.
For years, the project's lead researcher Tatiana Oberyszyn, Ph.D., assistant professor at Ohio State's Department of Pathology has studied gender differences in non-melanoma skin cancer. She and her laboratory had initially discovered through controlled experiments that gender and its associated variables accounted for the difference between male and female rates of developing squamous cell carcinomas.
In this study, the researchers discovered that, to their surprise, male mice had less inflammation following exposure to UV light than did female mice, but they had increased oxidative DNA damage possibly due to insufficient levels of proteins that repair DNA damage.
"When equally exposed to sunlight, female skin turns pink and swells up -- two classic signs of a sunburn," Tober said. "Male skin doesn't have as robust of a sunburn response to UV exposure but the genetic damage that male skin incurs is actually greater than female mice.
"Our data tells us that female skin has more antioxidants, compounds that scavenge DNA damaging chemicals, and potentially more mechanisms to repair DNA damage than male skin," she said. "These gender differences suggest that female skin has a higher capacity for repairing sunlight induced DNA damage than does male skin. Without complete repair of this genetic damage, male skin is more prone to skin cancer than is female skin."
These findings suggest that gender may need to be considered when it comes to controlling cancer, the researchers say. "Until those strategies are determined and whether you are male or female, it is best to take caution when it comes to sunlight exposure," Tober said.
Nicotine metabolism among African American and white smokers: Group and intraindividual differences in glucuronidation.
It has long been known that African-American smokers have a harder time giving up cigarettes, and now researchers from the University of Minnesota may have found a potential biochemical explanation.
Investigators discovered that African-American smokers may have significantly lower levels of an enzyme that metabolizes nicotine and nicotine by-products, compared to Caucasians who were exposed to identical nicotine patches. The findings suggest that African Americans may experience higher nicotine levels per cigarette, which would help explain why "quit" rates are lower among this group.
"Smokers adjust their level of smoking to maintain blood levels of nicotine, which are determined in part by rates of nicotine metabolism, and while we can't say from this study that differences in metabolism definitively account for lower quit rates, it could very well have an impact," said Jeannette Zinggeler Berg, an M.D./Ph.D. student in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics at the University of Minnesota.
In past studies, elevated levels of the nicotine-related molecule, cotinine, have been observed in African-American smokers compared to Caucasian smokers. Cotinine is a direct metabolite of nicotine -- a product of nicotine metabolism -- and so it is a marker for exposure to tobacco, Berg says. "It is not carcinogenic and is not an addictive component of tobacco, but the more of it a person has in their blood, the more nicotine they have been exposed to," Berg said.
But researchers have debated whether differences in cotinine seen in African Americans is due to the common use of menthol cigarettes by the group, or to the fact that these smokers may be getting more nicotine per cigarette because they are smoking longer or inhaling more deeply.
In this study, Berg and her colleagues examined different markers of nicotine metabolism in 95 daily smokers who, during the study period, were required not to smoke and to wear a nicotine patch. They specifically looked at levels of glucuronides, which represent a pathway by which the liver metabolizes nicotine and cotinine, preparing these chemicals for urinary excretion. A low blood level of glucuronide can indicate an inefficient excretion pathway for nicotine, cotinine, and other substances such as pharmaceutical drugs, Berg says.
At the beginning of the study and after the participants started using the patch, nicotine metabolites were measured in urine samples. Both when subjects were smoking (baseline urine sample at the start of the study) or when they were on the nicotine patch, the percentage of cotinine in the glucuronide form was significantly lower among African Americans compared to Caucasian participants (at the start of the study: 66 percent versus 82 percent; on patch: 41 percent versus 62 percent). Glucuronidation of nicotine was also lower among African Americans compared to white participants on the patch (16 percent versus 30 percent).
"The higher levels of free cotinine seen in past studies between race groups could be explained by lower levels of glucuronide, which helps break down cotinine," Berg said. "If cotinine is a marker of nicotine in the blood, people with higher levels are more likely to have trouble giving up cigarettes."
Researchers are continuing the study by examining racial variation in two glucuronide enzymes in liver samples. "The differences we have seen could be explained by a number of factors, including environmental causes, and we hope to tease these influences apart," Berg said.
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Tobacco products to come with warning-(TNN-27/11/2007)
MUMBAI: Gory photographs of oral cancer patients and babies affected by
passive smoking will soon become mandatory on all packets of tobacco
products. Even imported cigars and cigarettes will have to abide by the
new packaging law. As per government’s notification, the health warning
shall appear in white font colour on a red background (consisting of 100%
magenta + 100% yellow) and will embody a pictorial representation of the
ill effects of tobacco. (see pic) The specified health warning message
‘‘will in black font colour on a white background and should be printed in
easy to read font’’. The notification adds that ‘‘the warning must occupy
at least 50% of top area of the larger size of packaging, the front and
back of a cigarette packet’’. The government’s notification also adds that
the ‘‘minimum size of the specified health warning on each panel of the
tobacco pack shall be 3.5 cm and 4 cm to ensure that the warning is
legible and prominent. Each health warning and health message has to be
specified in English and regional languages.’’
Bidi makers have however raised a hue and cry saying they do not have the
wherewithal to depict the pictures on their small packs. A gutkha
manufacturer has also got a stay order from the Guwhati high court against
the pictorial implementation, according to information available to this
paper. Over 250 million people in the country use tobacco products like
gutkha, cigarettes and beedis. The health warning issue has been hanging
fire over the last one and a half years, since the first notification in
July 2006. Several discussions with the health ministry on the
implementation of the warning label, the colour, the size of the
packaging, ‘‘have delayed execution. Finally, a public interest litigation
(PIL) in the Shimla High Court ruled in favour of implementation’’. Bidi
manufacturers, however, have outrightly refused to abide by the government
dictate, citing reasons such as unclear ministerial instructions,
inability to change the machinery quickly, excessive old stock, and
unemployment. Some 700-800 billion bidis are produced each year in India
as compared to 100 billion cigarettes. Studies also show that bidi smokers
are at a higher risk of early death (93%) as compared to cigarette smokers
(42%). Since bidis deliver a higher amount of tar, nicotine and toxins as
compared to cigarettes, they also increases the risk of death from
tuberculosis by 163%. P C Gupta, director of the Healis Sekhsaria
Institute for Public Health, which has been spearheading the campaign,
notes that it is crucial for bidi packets to have this warning as maximum
bidi smokers are illiterate and do not understand the written statutory
warning. ‘‘Sections of the tobacco industry clearly do not want
implementation,’’ he adds. ‘‘There is an attempt to create confusion and
generate empathy by claiming that the welfare of the bidi workers will be
affected adversely by pictorial warnings. These are just excuses. The
industry should not get any leeway’’.
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Fight against tobacco-use facing opposition-(Yahoo
News-25/11/2007)
CHENNAI: Union Health Minister, Anbumani Ramadoss, on Sunday rued that his
fight against the use of tobacco products was facing opposition from
various quarters, which had the "backing of tobacco companies." "People
think that as an Union Minister I can implement schemes with a single
signature. But, I was able to do only one per cent of the work. For the
balance 99 per cent, I had to struggle," he said, while speaking at a
"Consultation on Tobacco Control in Tamil Nadu" here. "When pictorial
warning on the packs of tobacco products was made mandatory, four chief
ministers and 150 MPs met me and asked to drop the move. One particular
chief minister, though I don't want to name him, met me thrice in this
regard. Where is this country heading towards?" he asked. Ramadoss said
even journalists ridiculed him when he announced a ban on showing smoking
scenes in films. "Some tobacco companies, which are powerful enough to
shake up even the US government, are behind this. But, I don't care about
anything. I'll go by my party founder S Ramadoss's advice," he said.
Elaborating the evils of tobacco products, he said 26 per cent of Indian
population were using tobacco products, and about 10 lakh people lose
their lives every year due to tobacco-related illness. The WHO had also
warned that smoking and drinking-related diseases would be a major health
care problem for India in the next 20 years, rather than HIV/AIDS and TB,
Anbumani said.
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Now is the time to give up tobacco
-(Daily American Staff
Writer-13/11/2007)
Diane McMahon, Gray, smoked cigarettes for 36 years. A housekeeper at
Somerset Hospital, McMahon knew the hospital is going completely tobacco
free as of Jan. 1. So when a “quit day” was held Sept. 24, she did. “With
the Chantix pills, it was easier than I thought it would be,” she said. “I
smoked over a pack a day. I’m a diabetic and I want to see my grandkids
grow up.” It’s not necessarily harder to quit if you smoke more cigarettes
a day than someone who smokes fewer, Lisa Papini, respiratory therapist,
said. But the longer you smoke, the more your tolerance builds. Somerset
Hospital is holding a Great American Smokeout event from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Nov. 15. Marge Walker, a nurse with Community Connections, said a display
will be put up in the main lobby. People may deposit partial packs of
cigarettes or cans of tobacco into a trash can and receive a $5 gift
certificate to Subway for a “cold turkey” sandwich. Blood pressure and
respiratory screenings will be given and people may enroll for smoking
cessation classes that are held every Wednesday at the hospital.
Lollipops, mints, and anti-smoking literature will also be available. “You
may sign a pledge to be smoke-free for one day, and maybe, you’ll give it
up forever,” Walker said. Smoking is responsible for one in five deaths in
the U.S., according to the American Cancer Society. Of acquired behaviors,
it is the most preventable cause of premature death. One woman in the
class Papini is currently teaching has been smoking for 50 years.
“It’s never too late to quit,” she said. “You begin to have the benefits
within 20 minutes of quitting. In 10 years, your lung cancer death rate is
similar to people who never smoked.”Many people quit because they have
young children or grandchildren. If a person smokes one pack a day in the
house with children around, the children have the effect of having smoked
four cigarettes a day, she said. “Stress is 98 percent of why people
smoke,” she said. “When nicotine goes to the brain, it releases chemicals
and gives you pleasure. Many times, people have to break the habit, it’s a
lifestyle change.”When you use a medication to stop smoking and attend
cessation classes, you have a much higher chance of quitting than if you
tried to quit on your own, Papini said. People always ask her about weight
gain — the average is seven to nine pounds a year. Chantix, the newest
anti-smoking prescription medication works differently in that it attaches
to receptors in the brain. It is not a nicotine replacement. Most people
take Chantix for three months. One month of the medication is covered by
medical insurance and there is funding available for people who don’t have
insurance to receive it, Papini said. The financial benefits of not
spending money on cigarettes is said to be equal to a trip to the Bahamas
for someone who smokes one pack a day. McMahon had “jitters” for 10
minutes one day when she stopped smoking. After the first week, she no
longer had an urge to smoke. She feels much better and no longer has
shortness of breath while walking up stairs. As more restaurants go
smoke-free, she patronizes them, and is no longer willing to sit near a
smoker.“When they come in to class, and have quit smoking, they have
smiles on their faces and a glow to their skin,” Papini said. “They know
they’ve made a difference in their lives.”
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Call for stringent steps to check tobacco
abuse-(Bindu
Shajan Perappadan
-13/11/2007)
CAPE TOWN: India has six million children, aged 4 to 14, working fulltime
in the bidi industry. Bihar, Gujarat and Manipur have registered more than
40 per cent use of non-cigarette tobacco products by 13 to 15-year-old
boys. These statistics are contained in the Tobacco Atlas – a collection
of statistics and research results released at the International Union
against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Conference on “Promoting lung health
in low and middle income countries” here. Lung experts while applauding
India’s efforts at fighting tobacco abuse demanded more stringent
measures. For “if the current smoking pattern continues in India, tobacco
will kill about a million men aged between 25 and 69 by 2025,” said Judith
Mackay of the World Lung Foundation, a NGO. The Atlas indicates that India
has an adult smoking population of 31.7 per cent (46.6 per cent male and
16.8 per cent women), and 9.6 per cent of its health professionals also
smoke. Among youth, 6.6 per cent of India’s boys, 1.1 per cent of its
girls smoked, and 42.9 per cent of youth were exposed to passive smoking.
Pointing out that tobacco killed more than half of its regular users and
was responsible for five million deaths worldwide every year, Dr. Mackay
said: “tobacco will kill about 10 million people every year by 2020 and 70
per cent of these deaths will occur in the developing countries.”
Providing an insight into India’s contribution to the tobacco business,
the Atlas pointed out that 0.1794 per cent of agricultural land was
devoted to tobacco farming for producing 5,98,00 tonnes of tobacco and
manufacturing 54,991 million cigarettes annually.
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To check tobacco use, Health rolls out a tough new policy- (IE
-30/10/2007)
With tobacco snuffing out at least a million deaths every year in the
country, the Health Ministry has prepared a policy for Cabinet approval
that will make cigarettes and beedis more expensive in order to discourage
their consumption.
The ministry has proposed fixing a ceiling on the capacity of tobacco
units, a higher excise duty on its products and raising the custom duties
to 150 per cent. It also wants imports to be shifted to the restrictive
list while discontinuing the duty-free baggage allowance. "The economics
of tobacco control will only be served if availability of tobacco, in all
its forms, is reduced. The availability of tobacco products at cheaper
prices has in fact increased due to certain policies of the government in
respect of taxation, import licensing, duty free allowances," says the
proposal which has the consent of other ministries and the Planning
Commission. Over 200 million men and 50 million women in India use tobacco
in various forms, including two million people who chew processed and
roasted tobacco. Besides death, the use of cigarettes, beedis and gutka
leads to disease and deformity entailing an economic cost of Rs 308.33
billion in treating these diseases. Attacking the supply side of this
addiction, the ministry says that a cap be imposed on fresh/additional
licensing capacity, including prohibiting foreign direct investment.
"There should also be an embargo on existing domestic units, under the
Industries Development & Regulation Act, on increasing their production
capacity or opening any company as small scale industry," it adds.
It also wants a ban on firms setting up manufacturing units in Special
Economic Zones as they could, after fulfilling export obligation, sell a
certain percentage in domestic markets on payment of duty. The ministry
has suggested that the different excise duty levels be clubbed into one
higher rate as the multiple tax levels (and the resultant differential
pricing) enable an addict to shift his consumption pattern depending on
his ability to pay. The duties vary from Rs 2,100 to Rs 179 per thousand
cigarettes. It seeks amendment in the Foreign Trade Policy to put tobacco
under the Restrictive List of imports with customs duty raised to
international bound rates of 150 per cent on cigarettes and 100 per cent
on other forms of tobacco. Tobacco products are presently under open
general license attracting import duty of 30 per cent. And in bilateral or
multilateral Free Trade Agreement with other nations, it wants tobacco to
be placed in the Negative List to deter foreign firms from setting up
production units abroad and supplying here. It has proposed that the
duty-free baggage allowance of 200 cigarettes or 50 cigars or 250 gm of
tobacco to travellers be discontinued. However, problem issues relating to
a comprehensive ban on production of tobacco, removal of subsidies to
tobacco cultivating farmers has been kept aside for an inter-ministerial
task force to be constituted under the chairmanship of Health Secretary
for a larger public debate.
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Smokeless tobacco use linked to throat cancer- (Sphere
-13/09/2007)
CHENNAI, India (Reuters Health) - A study from India shows that use of
smokeless tobacco in the form of chewing tobacco or snuff is associated
with an increased risk of developing cancer in the "hypopharynx" -- the
area at the back of the throat immediately above the larynx, or voicebox.
The increasing popularity of smokeless tobacco is a cause for concern, Dr.
Amir Sapkota and colleagues write in the October 15th issue of the
International Journal of Cancer. Chewing tobacco is consumed in India in
the form of pan, khaini, guthka, mawa or zarda -- all of which contain
tobacco and slaked lime as their main components. Snuffing of tobacco,
alone or mixed with slaked lime (naswar) either through nose or mouth, is
also popular, they explain. Sapkota and colleagues studied 1,024 patients
with various head and neck cancers and 718 healthy controls from four
major cancer centers in India. Among non-smokers, smokeless tobacco use
was associated with a significantly higher risk of cancers of the
hypopharynx but not of cancers of the larynx, the researchers report. The
odds ratio for hypopharyngeal cancers was 2.85 among tobacco snuff users,
which increased to 3.34, 3.58 and 4.59 among those chewing tobacco in the
form of pan, zarda and guthka, respectively. "Direct and prolonged contact
is necessary for the effect of chewing tobacco to manifest," Sapkota and
colleagues postulate. This could probably explain the lack of association
between smokeless tobacco and cancers of the larynx, they suggest. The
incidence of upper airway cancers is on the rise in India, Sapkota and
colleagues note. "The increasing usage of smokeless tobacco products
combined with the ill-perceived notion that it is a relatively safe
product compared to cigarettes, may pose a substantial threat to public
health in the coming years." The researchers also point out that "the
popularity of the smokeless tobacco product is growing in the North
American youths as well, owing to the public usage of such products by
social models."
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